Chapter 12

           

           FromthetimethelawofCopernicuswasdiscoveredandproved,themererecognitionofthefactthatitwasnotthesunbuttheearththatmovessufficedtodestroythewholecosmographyoftheancients.Bydisprovingthatlawitmighthavebeenpossibletoretaintheoldconceptionofthemovementsofthebodies,butwithoutdisprovingit,itwouldseemimpossibletocontinuestudyingthePtolemaicworlds.ButevenafterthediscoveryofthelawofCopernicusthePtolemaicworldswerestillstudiedforalongtime.

           Fromthetimethefirstpersonsaidandprovedthatthenumberofbirthsorofcrimesissubjecttomathematicallaws,andthatthisorthatmodeofgovernmentisdeterminedbycertaingeographicalandeconomicconditions,andthatcertainrelationsofpopulationtosoilproducemigrationsofpeoples,thefoundationsonwhichhistoryhadbeenbuiltweredestroyedintheiressence.

           Byrefutingthesenewlawstheformerviewofhistorymighthavebeenretained;butwithoutrefutingthemitwouldseemimpossibletocontinuestudyinghistoriceventsastheresultsofman’sfreewill.Forifacertainmodeofgovernmentwasestablishedorcertainmigrationsofpeoplestookplaceinconsequenceofsuchandsuchgeographic,ethnographic,oreconomicconditions,thenthefreewillofthoseindividualswhoappeartoustohaveestablishedthatmodeofgovernmentoroccasionedthemigrationscannolongerberegardedasthecause.

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