Chapter 2

           

           Ifweassumeasthehistoriansdothatgreatmenleadhumanitytotheattainmentofcertainends—thegreatnessofRussiaorofFrance,thebalanceofpowerinEurope,thediffusionoftheideasoftheRevolution,generalprogress,oranythingelse—thenitisimpossibletoexplainthefactsofhistorywithoutintroducingtheconceptionsofchanceandgenius.

           IftheaimoftheEuropeanwarsatthebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyhadbeentheaggrandizementofRussia,thataimmighthavebeenaccomplishedwithoutalltheprecedingwarsandwithouttheinvasion.IftheaimwastheaggrandizementofFrance,thatmighthavebeenattainedwithouttheRevolutionandwithouttheEmpire.Iftheaimwasthedisseminationofideas,theprintingpresscouldhaveaccomplishedthatmuchbetterthanwarfare.Iftheaimwastheprogressofcivilization,itiseasytoseethatthereareotherwaysofdiffusingcivilizationmoreexpedientthanbythedestructionofwealthandofhumanlives.

           Whydidithappeninthisandnotinsomeotherway?

           Becauseithappenedso!“Chancecreatedthesituation;geniusutilizedit,”sayshistory.

           Butwhatischance?Whatisgenius?

           Thewordschanceandgeniusdonotdenoteanyreallyexistingthingandthereforecannotbedefined.Thosewordsonlydenoteacertainstageofunderstandingofphenomena.Idonotknowwhyacertaineventoccurs;IthinkthatIcannotknowit;soIdonottrytoknowitandItalkaboutchance.Iseeaforceproducingeffectsbeyondthescopeofordinaryhumanagencies;IdonotunderstandwhythisoccursandItalkofgenius.

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