Война и мир

Chapter 10

           

           Man’sfreewilldiffersfromeveryotherforceinthatmanisdirectlyconsciousofit,butintheeyesofreasonitinnowaydiffersfromanyotherforce.Theforcesofgravitation,electricity,orchemicalaffinityareonlydistinguishedfromoneanotherinthattheyaredifferentlydefinedbyreason.Justsotheforceofman’sfreewillisdistinguishedbyreasonfromtheotherforcesofnatureonlybythedefinitionreasongivesit.Freedom,apartfromnecessity,thatis,apartfromthelawsofreasonthatdefineit,differsinnowayfromgravitation,orheat,ortheforcethatmakesthingsgrow;forreason,itisonlyamomentaryundefinablesensationoflife.

           Andastheundefinableessenceoftheforcemovingtheheavenlybodies,theundefinableessenceoftheforcesofheatandelectricity,orofchemicalaffinity,orofthevitalforce,formsthecontentofastronomy,physics,chemistry,botany,zoology,andsoon,justinthesamewaydoestheforceoffreewillformthecontentofhistory.Butjustasthesubjectofeveryscienceisthemanifestationofthisunknownessenceoflifewhilethatessenceitselfcanonlybethesubjectofmetaphysics,eventhemanifestationoftheforceoffreewillinhumanbeingsinspace,intime,andindependenceoncauseformsthesubjectofhistory,whilefreewillitselfisthesubjectofmetaphysics.

           Intheexperimentalscienceswhatweknowwecallthelawsofinevitability,whatisunknowntouswecallvitalforce.Vitalforceisonlyanexpressionfortheunknownremainderoverandabovewhatweknowoftheessenceoflife

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