Война и мир

Chapter 9

           

           Allcaseswithoutexceptioninwhichourconceptionoffreedomandnecessityisincreasedanddiminisheddependonthreeconsiderations:

           (1)Therelationtotheexternalworldofthemanwhocommitsthedeeds.

           (2)Hisrelationtotime.

           (3)Hisrelationtothecausesleadingtotheaction.

           Thefirstconsiderationistheclearnessofourperceptionoftheman’srelationtotheexternalworldandthegreaterorlesserclearnessofourunderstandingofthedefinitepositionoccupiedbythemaninrelationtoeverythingcoexistingwithhim.Thisiswhatmakesitevidentthatadrowningmanislessfreeandmoresubjecttonecessitythanonestandingondryground,andthatmakestheactionsofamancloselyconnectedwithothersinathicklypopulateddistrict,orofoneboundbyfamily,official,orbusinessduties,seemcertainlylessfreeandmoresubjecttonecessitythanthoseofamanlivinginsolitudeandseclusion.

           Ifweconsideramanalone,apartfromhisrelationtoeverythingaroundhim,eachactionofhisseemstousfree.Butifweseehisrelationtoanythingaroundhim,ifweseehisconnectionwithanythingwhatever—withamanwhospeakstohim,abookhereads,theworkonwhichheisengaged,evenwiththeairhebreathesorthelightthatfallsonthethingsabouthim—weseethateachofthesecircumstanceshasaninfluenceonhimandcontrolsatleastsomesideofhisactivity.Andthemoreweperceiveoftheseinfluencesthemoreourconceptionofhisfreedomdiminishesandthemoreourconceptionofthenecessitythatweighsonhimincreases.

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