Война и мир

Chapter 2

           Buttomakeanattackthewishtodosoisnotsufficient,theremustalsobeapossibilityofdoingit,andthatpossibilitydidnotexist.Itwasimpossiblenottoretreataday’smarch,andtheninthesamewayitwasimpossiblenottoretreatanotherandathirdday’smarch,andatlast,onthefirstofSeptemberwhenthearmydrewnearMoscow—despitethestrengthofthefeelingthathadariseninallranks—theforceofcircumstancescompelledittoretirebeyondMoscow.Andthetroopsretiredonemore,last,day’smarch,andabandonedMoscowtotheenemy.

           Forpeopleaccustomedtothinkthatplansofcampaignandbattlesaremadebygenerals—asanyoneofussittingoveramapinhisstudymayimaginehowhewouldhavearrangedthingsinthisorthatbattle—thequestionspresentthemselves:WhydidKutúzovduringtheretreatnotdothisorthat?WhydidhenottakeupapositionbeforereachingFilí?WhydidhenotretireatoncebytheKalúgaroad,abandoningMoscow?andsoon.Peopleaccustomedtothinkinthatwayforget,ordonotknow,theinevitableconditionswhichalwayslimittheactivitiesofanycommanderinchief.Theactivityofacommanderinchiefdoesnotatallresembletheactivityweimaginetoourselveswhenwesitateaseinourstudiesexaminingsomecampaignonthemap,withacertainnumberoftroopsonthisandthatsideinacertainknownlocality,andbeginourplansfromsomegivenmoment.Acommanderinchiefisneverdealingwiththebeginningofanyevent—thepositionfromwhichwealwayscontemplateit.

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