1984

           Thisdoctrine,ofcourse,hadalwayshaditsadherents,butinthemannerinwhichitwasnowputforwardtherewasasignificantchange. InthepasttheneedforahierarchicalformofsocietyhadbeenthedoctrinespecificallyoftheHigh. Ithadbeenpreachedbykingsandaristocratsandbythepriests,lawyers,andthelikewhowereparasiticaluponthem,andithadgenerallybeensoftenedbypromisesofcompensationinanimaginaryworldbeyondthegrave. TheMiddle,solongasitwasstrugglingforpower,hadalwaysmadeuseofsuchtermsasfreedom,justice,andfraternity. Now,however,theconceptofhumanbrotherhoodbegantobeassailedbypeoplewhowerenotyetinpositionsofcommand,butmerelyhopedtobesobeforelong. InthepasttheMiddlehadmaderevolutionsunderthebannerofequality,andthenhadestablishedafreshtyrannyassoonastheoldonewasoverthrown. ThenewMiddlegroupsineffectproclaimedtheirtyrannybeforehand. Socialism,atheorywhichappearedintheearlynineteenthcenturyandwasthelastlinkinachainofthoughtstretchingbacktotheslaverebellionsofantiquity,wasstilldeeplyinfectedbytheUtopianismofpastages. ButineachvariantofSocialismthatappearedfromabout1900onwardstheaimofestablishinglibertyandequalitywasmoreandmoreopenlyabandoned. Thenewmovementswhichappearedinthemiddleyearsofthecentury,IngsocinOceania,Neo-BolshevisminEurasia,Death-Worship,asitiscommonlycalled,inEastasia,hadtheconsciousaimofperpetuatingUNfreedomandINequality. Thesenewmovements,ofcourse,grewoutoftheoldonesandtendedtokeeptheirnamesandpaylip-servicetotheirideology. Butthepurposeofallofthemwastoarrestprogressandfreezehistoryatachosenmoment.